KAFR AIN, Syria — The grotto in northwestern Syria has already saved his children's lives once. Fearing more air attacks, Abdulmonem is expanding the makeshift bomb shelter in case they need to take refuge there again.
Residents of Idlib province and surrounding areas have been bracing themselves for a Russian-backed government offensive on the country's largest remaining rebel-held zone.
Some three million people live in the area and the United Nations has warned that a full-scale regime assault could spark the century's worst humanitarian catastrophe.
Residents' fears have been heightened by Russian and Syrian air strikes, artillery fire and barrel bombs that have killed more than 30 civilians across the province in the past month, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
Sat outside the craggy cave opening in his hometown of Kafr Ain, in Idlib's south, Abdulmonem Sheikh Jassem explains how he is trying to keep his family safe.
"About 10 days ago, we started digging out, expanding, and equipping the cave in case there's new bombing," says Jassem, a 55-year-old former truck driver.
Citing a bad back and knee problems, he has hired a labourer to transform the grotto into a full shelter.
Working by the dim light filtering in through the mouth of the cave, the elderly worker chips away at the rock face with a pickaxe to widen the cramped space.
The builder's two scrawny children, covered in a thick layer of dust, move rocks torn loose from the wall to a wheelbarrow outside, which they periodically dump in the nearby hills.
"We're expanding it out, then we'll paint it and put stairs at the entrance so you can go up and down easily," says Jassem, who has four daughters and two sons of his own.
Men and boys in the #Syrian village of Kafr Ain in the south of opposition-held #Idlib governorate dig a cave preparing for an imminent offensive by the regime.
— Rudaw English (@RudawEnglish) September 17, 2018
(📷 @AFP) pic.twitter.com/zBqZTVzZrL
Two years ago, Jassem and his family rushed to the very same cave to hide from an incoming regime helicopter.
"Our house was demolished but we were in the cave, thank God, so no one was wounded or hurt," he says, his coarse salt-and-pepper hair tapering down into stubble on his tanned, wrinkled face.
"I'm the most scared for my children," he says. "Fear is normal for those who have a family."
Syria's conflict erupted in 2011. Within four years, rebels and hardline jihadists had overrun swathes of territory, including Idlib province.
But since then, government troops have made a fierce comeback and recaptured nearly two-thirds of the country, bolstered by Syrian and Russian warplanes.
The regime's use of air raids across Syria has sent residents fleeing to basements or caves, even forcing hospitals, community centres and schools to move underground.
Medics in rural parts of Idlib have done the same.
On September 8, an underground hospital on the outskirts of Hass in the south of the province was damaged by an air strike, according to the Observatory.
A recent wave of strikes near the town of Hobeit further south sent Abu Mohammad, his uncle and his young cousins into their homemade bomb shelter, he tells AFP.
The family dug out the large cellar during the early years of Syria's war. The floors and walls have been smoothed over with concrete and painted, and several fluorescent bulbs cast a blue-white light into the room.
A shelf carved into one wall holds water and jars of pickles and other preserves.
Stocking up
"The bombing got worse on this area because it's close to regime territory in northern Hama province," just south of Idlib, says Abu Mohammad, 25.
"We had to clean the shelter out again, bring preserves and everything we might need so that we won't have to go back up to the house."
The UN has urged the conflict's top powerbrokers -- Russia, fellow regime ally Iran, and rebel backer Turkey -- to engage in talks to avoid a "bloodbath" in Idlib.
Bombardment has slowed over the past week, and on Friday, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov denied that Syrian troops were planning a major offensive on Idlib.
For eight-year-old Omran, a cousin of Abu Mohammad, the most important thing is being able to go to school safely.
The threat of air attacks has prevented the dark-eyed boy going to class for more than a week.
"I have lots of friends who have been wounded and some of them died," says Omran.
"I want to read, write, and go to school every day."
