Iraq
A supporter of Iraq's Hashd al-Shaabi paramilitary force flashes victory signs during a protest outside the US embassy in Baghdad on January 1, 2020. Photo: Ahmed al-Rubaye/AFP
BAGHDAD, Iraq – The US embassy siege by pro-Iran protesters in Baghdad lasted just over a day, but analysts warn it could have lasting implications for Iraq's complex security sector and diplomatic ties.
Baghdad had been struggling to keep up its precarious balancing act between its allies Tehran and Washington as tensions spiralled following the US withdrawal from the 2015 nuclear pact with Iran.
The regional rivalry was partly playing out among Iraq's security forces: the US has trained army units and elite troops, while Iran has assisted the Hashd al-Shaabi force.
On Tuesday, hundreds of Hashd supporters stormed the high-security Green Zone and besieged the US embassy.
The ease with which they breezed past US-trained forces demonstrated Hashd's dominance in Iraq, said Harith Hasan, an expert at the Carnegie Middle East Center.
"A political-military faction imposed its will on everyone and commandeered all decisions," Hasan wrote.
As a result, he predicted, "this new year will be the beginning of Iraq's lean years, leading to its isolation."
Hashd 'most influential'
Founded in 2014, Hashd is formally part of Iraq's government forces and its nominal head, Faleh al-Fayyadh, also serves as the country's national security advisor.
But the US fears the network's Shiite-majority units -- many of which fought American troops following the US-led invasion in 2003 -- is being used to exert Iran's clout.
Those tensions boiled over last week when a US contractor working in Iraq was killed in a rocket attack blamed on Kataib Hezbollah, a hardline and pro-Iran Hashd faction.
It was the latest in a string of attacks on American troops and the embassy in Iraq that the US has blamed on groups loyal to Tehran.
A senior American defence official had told AFP that the US was frustrated that Iraqi troops were either "unable or unwilling" to put a stop to the rocket attacks.
"We are concerned the Iraqi security infrastructure is compromised," the official said.
"There is what we believe to be a Hashd overmatch of the Iraqi security forces. So sometimes our Iraqi partners say, what can we do?" he added.
Both US and Iraqi officials told AFP they were especially alarmed to see Hashd units deploy in recent weeks inside the Green Zone, home to government buildings, United Nations offices and key foreign embassies.
The clearest sign of Hashd's effective control of the zone came during the embassy attack, when its backers breezed past US-trained units to reach the embassy.
An Iraqi special forces fighter guarding the Green Zone said he had to let the Hashed supporters through as he had no orders to intervene, telling AFP: "Our hands are tied."
"Hashd is now the most influential of Iraq's forces because the military and political leaders are allowing it to play this role," he said.
'A pariah state'
Among those marching on Tuesday were top figures in Iraq's security apparatus: Fayyadh, his deputy Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, and Hashd commanders Qais al-Khazaali and Hadi al-Ameri.
Their presence outraged US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, who tweeted photographs of the four and slammed them as "terrorists" and "Iranian proxies."
It marked a major shift in the US position towards, specifically, Fayyadh and Ameri -- whom the US ambassador had been meeting in recent months.
"All of this demonstrates how much hold Tehran has over Baghdad. There shouldn't be any illusion," said Phillip Smyth, a US-based specialist in Shiite armed groups.
The attack could even have repercussions on Iraq's diplomatic standing, officials and analysts said.
Already, the US declined to invite Iraqi premier Adil Abdul-Mahdi to Washington because American officials saw him as "too close" to Iran.
The US has also blacklisted a host of Iraqi political figures, Hashd units and even banks in recent months and has suggested dozens more could be sanctioned.
"Iraq is at risk of becoming a pariah state, isolated from the rest of the world like Venezuela, North Korea and so on," a senior Iraqi diplomat told AFP.
Tuesday's dramatic scenes at the embassy sparked comparisons with both the 1979 hostage crisis at the US embassy in Tehran, and the deadly 2012 attack on the US consulate in Libya's second city Benghazi.
"Isolation, diplomatic and economic sanctions, the lack of trust – this is what has happened to the Iranian, Syrian and Libyan regimes as well as the old Iraqi regime," said Iraqi expert Hisham al-Hashemi.
"The tables could turn for Iraq just like they turned for those countries."
Baghdad had been struggling to keep up its precarious balancing act between its allies Tehran and Washington as tensions spiralled following the US withdrawal from the 2015 nuclear pact with Iran.
The regional rivalry was partly playing out among Iraq's security forces: the US has trained army units and elite troops, while Iran has assisted the Hashd al-Shaabi force.
On Tuesday, hundreds of Hashd supporters stormed the high-security Green Zone and besieged the US embassy.
The ease with which they breezed past US-trained forces demonstrated Hashd's dominance in Iraq, said Harith Hasan, an expert at the Carnegie Middle East Center.
"A political-military faction imposed its will on everyone and commandeered all decisions," Hasan wrote.
As a result, he predicted, "this new year will be the beginning of Iraq's lean years, leading to its isolation."
Hashd 'most influential'
Founded in 2014, Hashd is formally part of Iraq's government forces and its nominal head, Faleh al-Fayyadh, also serves as the country's national security advisor.
But the US fears the network's Shiite-majority units -- many of which fought American troops following the US-led invasion in 2003 -- is being used to exert Iran's clout.
Those tensions boiled over last week when a US contractor working in Iraq was killed in a rocket attack blamed on Kataib Hezbollah, a hardline and pro-Iran Hashd faction.
It was the latest in a string of attacks on American troops and the embassy in Iraq that the US has blamed on groups loyal to Tehran.
A senior American defence official had told AFP that the US was frustrated that Iraqi troops were either "unable or unwilling" to put a stop to the rocket attacks.
"We are concerned the Iraqi security infrastructure is compromised," the official said.
"There is what we believe to be a Hashd overmatch of the Iraqi security forces. So sometimes our Iraqi partners say, what can we do?" he added.
Both US and Iraqi officials told AFP they were especially alarmed to see Hashd units deploy in recent weeks inside the Green Zone, home to government buildings, United Nations offices and key foreign embassies.
The clearest sign of Hashd's effective control of the zone came during the embassy attack, when its backers breezed past US-trained units to reach the embassy.
An Iraqi special forces fighter guarding the Green Zone said he had to let the Hashed supporters through as he had no orders to intervene, telling AFP: "Our hands are tied."
"Hashd is now the most influential of Iraq's forces because the military and political leaders are allowing it to play this role," he said.
'A pariah state'
Among those marching on Tuesday were top figures in Iraq's security apparatus: Fayyadh, his deputy Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, and Hashd commanders Qais al-Khazaali and Hadi al-Ameri.
Their presence outraged US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, who tweeted photographs of the four and slammed them as "terrorists" and "Iranian proxies."
It marked a major shift in the US position towards, specifically, Fayyadh and Ameri -- whom the US ambassador had been meeting in recent months.
"All of this demonstrates how much hold Tehran has over Baghdad. There shouldn't be any illusion," said Phillip Smyth, a US-based specialist in Shiite armed groups.
The attack could even have repercussions on Iraq's diplomatic standing, officials and analysts said.
Already, the US declined to invite Iraqi premier Adil Abdul-Mahdi to Washington because American officials saw him as "too close" to Iran.
The US has also blacklisted a host of Iraqi political figures, Hashd units and even banks in recent months and has suggested dozens more could be sanctioned.
"Iraq is at risk of becoming a pariah state, isolated from the rest of the world like Venezuela, North Korea and so on," a senior Iraqi diplomat told AFP.
Tuesday's dramatic scenes at the embassy sparked comparisons with both the 1979 hostage crisis at the US embassy in Tehran, and the deadly 2012 attack on the US consulate in Libya's second city Benghazi.
"Isolation, diplomatic and economic sanctions, the lack of trust – this is what has happened to the Iranian, Syrian and Libyan regimes as well as the old Iraqi regime," said Iraqi expert Hisham al-Hashemi.
"The tables could turn for Iraq just like they turned for those countries."
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